初一英语:特殊疑问句——疑问词选择、语序与常见错误

一、什么是特殊疑问句 英语的疑问句分两类。一类是一般疑问句,回答用 yes 或 no,比如 Do you like apples? 另一类是特殊疑问句,开头用一个疑问词(wh- 词或 how),问的是具体信息,不能用 yes 或 no 回答,比如 What do you like? 回答必须是具体的东西:I like apples. 判断方法很简单:句首有没有疑问词。有,就是特殊疑问句;没有,就是一般疑问句。中国学生最常犯的错,是把两种句式混着用,造出 What do you like apples? 这样的句子——疑问词和一般疑问句只能二选一。

二、九个疑问词的分工 what:问事物、内容、职业。What is this? What does your father do? which:在有限范围里选择。Which color do you like, red or blue? who:问人,作主语。Who is your English teacher? whose:问所属。Whose bag is this? where:问地点。Where are you from? when:问时间。When do you have English class? why:问原因。Why are you late? how:问方式、状况。How do you go to school? how 还能和形容词、副词组队,这是七年级的高频考点: how many + 可数名词复数,问数量;how much + 不可数名词,问数量,也可问价格;how old 问年龄;how far 问距离;how often 问频率;how long 问时间长度或物体长度。

三、语序公式:一条主线加一个例外 主线公式:疑问词 + 一般疑问句语序。 也就是说,把疑问词放在最前面,后面照抄一般疑问句的顺序:助动词 / be 动词 / 情态动词提到主语前面。 He goes to school by bus. → How does he go to school?(does 提前,goes 还原成 go) She is reading a book. → What is she reading?(is 提前) They can swim. → What can they do? 一个重要的例外:疑问词本身作主语时,语序和陈述句一样,不提前助动词。 Who broke the window? 不能说 Who did break the window? What happened yesterday? 不能说 What did happen yesterday? 因为 who 和 what 已经在主语位置上,句子里没有别的主语可以调的,所以直接跟动词。这个例外几乎每次考试都有人踩。

四、三组最容易混的对比 第一组:What does he do? 和 What is he doing? 前者问职业,答 He is a doctor.;后者问此刻正在做什么,答 He is reading.。一个是 do,一个是 doing,差一个字母,意思完全不同。 第二组:How many 和 How much。 How many books do you have? 书是可数的,用 many,名词用复数。 How much water do you need? 水是不可数的,用 much。 但问价格时一律用 How much:How much is this pen? 第三组:Why 和 Because。 Why 提问,Because 回答,两者不能出现在同一个句子里。不能说 Why are you late? Because I missed the bus. 写成一句就不对了——中文里「为什么……因为……」可以连说,英文必须分成两句。

五、对话案例 A: Hi, Lily. Where are you going? B: I'm going to the library. A: How often do you go there? B: Twice a week, on Tuesday and Friday. A: Who do you usually go with? B: With my sister. She likes reading, too. A: How long does it take? B: About ten minutes by bike. 这段对话四个问句,分别用了 where(地点)、how often(频率)、who(人)、how long(时间长度),回答也各不相同。把这四个问答背下来,考试里的补全对话基本能拿住。

六、四个常见错误 1. 疑问词后面又保留了陈述句语序。错:Where you are from? 对:Where are you from? 2. 助动词提前了,动词却没还原。错:What does he does? 对:What does he do? 3. 混淆 how many 和 how much 后面的名词形式。how many 后面一定是复数名词,how much 后面跟不可数名词。 4. 回答特殊疑问句时用 yes 或 no。特殊疑问句问的是具体信息,答 yes 等于没答。

七、练习与参考答案 1. 对划线部分提问:My father works in a hospital.(划线:in a hospital) 答:Where does your father work? 解析:问地点用 where,主句是一般现在时第三人称单数,助动词用 does,works 还原成 work。 2. 对划线部分提问:I have three pencils.(划线:three) 答:How many pencils do you have? 解析:pencils 可数,用 how many,并把名词复数一起放回问句。 3. 对划线部分提问:She is late because she missed the bus.(划线:because she missed the bus) 答:Why is she late? 解析:问原因用 why,整个 because 从句都要去掉。 4. 改错:Who did break the cup? 答:改为 Who broke the cup? who 作主语时不用助动词 did,直接用过去式 broke。 5. 翻译:你多久去看一次电影? 答:How often do you go to the movies? 6. 用 how far 造一个问句。 答:How far is it from your home to school?(问距离用 how far,回答可以是 About two kilometers.)