一、什么是非谓语动词：一个句子里只能有一个谓语
英语句子的铁律是：一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词。当我们要在一个句子里表达两个动作时，第二个动作必须"退位"，变成不被时间、人称限制的形式——这就是非谓语动词（non-finite verbs）。
对比下面两句：
- I want to go home.（want 是谓语，to go 是宾语）
- He went home and watched TV.（went 和 watched 由 and 连接，是两个并列谓语）
非谓语动词有三种形式：
| 形式 | 构成 | 表达的含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 不定式 | to + 动词原形 | 目的、将来、一次性 | I came to see you. |
| 动名词 | 动词-ing | 名词性质，指"这件事" | Swimming is good for you. |
| 分词 | 现在分词 -ing / 过去分词 -ed | 形容词性质，定语或状语 | the broken window；Hearing the news, he cried. |
判断用哪一种，问自己两个问题：这个动作在整个句子里充当什么成分？它和逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系？
二、不定式：六个常见用法
- 作宾语：want / hope / decide / plan / refuse / agree / learn + to do
- She decided to study abroad.
- 作目的状语：常见于句首或句尾
- He got up early to catch the first bus.
- 作宾补：ask / tell / want / invite / allow sb. to do
- The teacher asked us to hand in the homework.
- 作定语（常表将来）：something to eat，a lot of work to do
- 作主语（较正式）：To master a language takes years.
- 疑问词 + 不定式：I don't know what to do.
高频考点：省略 to 的动词
感官动词 + 宾语 + do（看到/听到全过程）或 + doing（看到/听到正在进行）：
- I saw him cross the street.（看见他过了马路，全过程）
- I saw him crossing the street.（看见他正在过马路）
使役动词 make / let / have + 宾语 + do：
- My mother made me clean my room.
注意：这两个结构变被动语态时，to 要还原。 - He was made to clean the room.（主动省略的 to，被动必须加回）
三、动名词：什么时候用 -ing 而不用 to do
只能接动名词的动词（必背）
enjoy, finish, mind, practice, suggest, avoid, keep, miss, consider, imagine, admit, deny, look forward to
- I enjoy listening to music.
- Would you mind opening the window?
- He kept asking questions.
只能接不定式的动词（必背）
want, hope, wish, decide, plan, refuse, agree, promise, manage, afford, fail
两者都可但意思不同（中考最爱考）
| 动词 | + doing | + to do |
|---|---|---|
| remember | 记得做过（已做） | 记得去做（未做） |
| forget | 忘了做过（做了但没印象） | 忘了去做（没做） |
| stop | 停止做某事 | 停下来去做另一件事 |
| try | 试着做（试试看效果） | 努力去做（尽力） |
| go on | 继续同一件事 | 接着做另一件事 |
| regret | 后悔做过 | 遗憾要告知 |
例句辨析： - I remember locking the door.（我记得锁了门） - Please remember to lock the door.（请记得去锁门） - He stopped talking when the teacher came in.（停止说话） - He stopped to talk with me.（停下来跟我说话）
-ing 作主语时的主谓一致
动名词作主语，谓语用单数：
- Reading English novels helps improve your vocabulary.
四、分词：定语与状语的两把钥匙
现在分词 vs 过去分词：主动与被动
规则一句话：-ing 表示主动、进行；-ed 表示被动、完成。
- the exciting news（令人激动的消息，主动使别人激动）
- the excited students（感到激动的学生，被动接受）
常见成对形容词：interesting/interested, boring/bored, surprising/surprised, tiring/tired, disappointing/disappointed, frightening/frightened
分词作定语
- 单个分词放名词前：a sleeping baby, a used car
- 分词短语放名词后（后置定语）：the boy standing under the tree
分词作状语：逻辑主语必须一致
这是初三到高中的分水岭。分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须和主句主语一致。
✅ Hearing the good news, she jumped with joy.（听到好消息的是 she） ❌ Hearing the good news, her eyes filled with tears.（听到的是 her eyes？逻辑不通）
改法：Hearing the good news, she couldn't hold back her tears.
中考常考句型
- seen from the top of the hill（从山顶看，表被动）
- Compared with last year, prices have risen.（与去年相比）
- Given more time, we could do it better.（如果给更多时间）
五、例题精讲
例1 单项选择
I'm looking forward to ______ from you soon. A. hear B. hearing C. heard D. be heard
解析：look forward to 中的 to 是介词，后接名词或动名词，所以选 B。这是中考最高频的陷阱之一——看到 to 就想到不定式。类似的 "介词 to" 还有：be used to（习惯于）、devote oneself to、pay attention to、prefer doing to doing。
例2 用所给词的适当形式填空
- Would you mind ______ (turn) down the music?
- He was made ______ (apologize) to his classmate.
- ______ (walk) along the river, I met an old friend.
- The book ______ (write) by Lu Xun is popular.
答案与解析： 1. turning — mind 后接动名词。 2. to apologize — make 的被动语态中，省略的 to 必须还原。 3. Walking — 现在分词作时间状语，逻辑主语是 I，主动关系。 4. written — 过去分词作后置定语，书是"被写"的。
例3 句型转换
He didn't know how he could solve the problem. → He didn't know __ _ ___ the problem.
答案：how to solve。疑问词 + 不定式可以把宾语从句简化，中考句型转换的高频考点。
例4 改错
❌ I stopped to smoke last year and I feel much healthier now. 解析：stop to do 是"停下来去做"，语义变成"停下来抽烟"，与"更健康"矛盾。应改为 stopped smoking（戒烟）。
六、易错清单
| 易错点 | 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|---|
| 介词 to | look forward to hear | look forward to hearing |
| 被动还原 to | He was made clean the room. | He was made to clean the room. |
| 动名词作主语 | Reading books help us. | Reading books helps us. |
| 分词逻辑主语 | Walking in the street, a car hit me. | Walking in the street, I was hit by a car. |
| -ing/-ed 混用 | I am boring in the class. | I am bored in the class. |
| 不定式作目的 | He studies hard for passing the exam. | He studies hard to pass the exam. |
七、课后练习
基础题（用所给词的正确形式填空） 1. It's no use __ (cry) over spilt milk. 2. She is used to _ (get) up at six. 3. Let me (help) you with the box. 4. The film is really (interest). We are all (interest) in it. 5. He promised ___ (not be) late again.
提高题（单项选择） 6. — Have you finished __ the report? — Not yet. I'll finish it in ten minutes. A. write B. writing C. to write D. wrote 7. ____ more attention, the trees could have grown better. A. Given B. Giving C. To give D. Give
挑战题（翻译） 8. 看见老师走进教室，学生们立刻停止了说话。 9. 我后悔没有早点开始准备这次考试。
参考答案 1. crying（It's no use doing sth. 固定句型） 2. getting（be used to 中 to 是介词） 3. help（let sb. do，省略 to） 4. interesting；interested（物令人感兴趣、人感到感兴趣） 5. not to be（不定式的否定式 not to do） 6. B（finish doing） 7. A（Given 过去分词作条件状语，"如果给予更多关注"） 8. Seeing the teacher come into the classroom, the students stopped talking at once. 9. I regret not starting to prepare for the exam earlier.（regret doing 后悔做过；否定形式 not doing）