高三英语：定语从句完全攻略——关系代词与关系副词

全面梳理定语从句中关系代词（that/which/who/whom/whose）和关系副词（when/where/why）的用法，重点突破“介词+关系代词”“that与which的区别”等高频考点。

知识点讲解

定语从句（Attributive Clause）是高中英语最重要的语法项目之一，也是高考语法填空、短文改错和写作中的高频考点。掌握定语从句的关键在于理解关系词的选择规则。

一、定语从句的基本概念

定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句，相当于形容词的作用。

先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。

关系词：引导定语从句的词，分为关系代词和关系副词。

二、关系代词的用法

关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。

关系代词	先行词（人）	先行词（物）	先行词（人或物）
主格	who	which	that
宾格	whom/ who	which	that / 省略
所有格	whose	whose	whose

关键规则：

who/whom：指人。who 作主语/宾语，whom 只能作宾语。
The man who is standing there is my teacher. （作主语）
The man whom you met yesterday is my uncle. （作宾语）
which：指物，作主语/宾语。
The book which is on the desk is mine. （作主语）
This is the book which I bought yesterday. （作宾语）
that：指人或物。在限制性定语从句中可替代 who/whom/which。
The pen that I lost is blue.
whose：表示"……的"，指人或物，后必须接名词。
The boy whose father is a doctor is my classmate.
The house whose roof is red is ours.

三、关系副词的用法

关系副词	含义	替代的"介词+关系代词"	在从句中的作用
when	时间	at/in/on/during which	时间状语
where	地点	in/at/on which	地点状语
why	原因	for which	原因状语

例句： - I still remember the day when (= on which) we first met. - This is the school where (= in which) I studied. - Tell me the reason why (= for which) you were absent.

四、限制性定语从句 vs. 非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句： 与先行词关系紧密，去掉后句子意思不完整。不用逗号隔开。 - He is the man who saved the child.

非限制性定语从句： 对先行词补充说明，去掉后主句仍完整。用逗号隔开。不能用 that 引导，不能省略关系词。 - My father, who is 50 years old, works as a doctor.

例题解析

【高考真题示例】

1. 语法填空（2023年全国乙卷）：

"George was a very smart student, ______ teachers always thought highly of."

解析： 先行词为 "George"（人），从句中缺少宾语（teachers thought highly of him → 用 whom）。答案：whom

2. 语法填空（2022年新高考I卷）：

"The Chinese government has taken effective measures, ______ are aimed at reducing pollution."

解析： 先行词为 "effective measures"（物），非限制性定语从句中缺主语，且不能用that。答案：which

3. 短文改错（2021年全国甲卷）：

"In the city, there is a famous park where is visited by thousands of tourists every year."

解析： 先行词 "a famous park"（物），从句中缺主语，应用 which/that 而非 where。改错： where → which/that

【写作素材】

在英语写作中使用定语从句可以显著提升句子的复杂度：

基础版： I have a friend. He lives in Beijing. 升级版： I have a friend who lives in Beijing.

基础版： The book is very interesting. I borrowed it from the library. 升级版： The book which I borrowed from the library is very interesting.

知识归纳表

关系词	指代对象	从句中成分	能否省略	典型例句
who	人	主语/宾语	作宾语时可省	The girl who sings is my sister
whom	人	宾语	可省略	The man (whom) I saw is a doctor
which	物	主语/宾语	作宾语时可省	The book which I read is great
that	人或物	主语/宾语	作宾语时可省	The movie that I watched was fun
whose	人或物	定语（后接n.）	不可省略	The girl whose bag is red is Lily
when	时间	时间状语	可替换	I remember the day when we met
where	地点	地点状语	可替换	This is the house where I lived
why	原因	原因状语	可替换	The reason why I'm late is traffic

趣味练习

💡 语法侦探：下面这段"名人介绍"中有几处定语从句错误？

"Albert Einstein was a scientist **which** changed our understanding of the universe. He was born in Germany, **where** he lived until 1933. The reason **why** he left was because of the Nazi regime. The theory of relativity, **that** he developed, remains one of the most important scientific theories. People **who** know about his work admire his creativity greatly."

**🔥 答案揭晓：** 共有 **2处** 错误！ 1. "a scientist **which**" → 应改为 **"who"**，因为先行词是"人"（scientist）。 2. "The theory of relativity, **that**" → 应改为 **"which"**，因为非限制性定语从句不能用 that。其余都是正确的！你找到了吗？😊

课后作业

基础题（必做）

选择合适的关系词填空（who/whom/which/that/whose/when/where/why）：
(1) The girl ______ hair is blonde is my sister.
(2) This is the park ______ I first saw you.
(3) The book ______ cover is red belongs to Tom.
(4) Do you remember the day ______ we graduated?
(5) I don't understand the reason ______ he quit.
将下列简单句合并为含定语从句的复合句：
(1) I met a man. He can speak five languages.
(2) The movie is scary. We watched it last night.
(3) This is the restaurant. We had dinner here yesterday.

提高题（选做）

语法改错：找出下列句子中的错误并改正：
(1) The woman which lives next door is a nurse.
(2) This is the house that I was born.
(3) The reason that he was late is because he missed the bus.
(4) My mother, that is a teacher, loves reading books.
用定语从句完成下列句子：
(1) I will never forget the moment ______（我第一次获奖的时刻）
(2) The man ______（刚才帮助我的那个人）is my neighbor

挑战题（拓展）

翻译写作：将下面这段话翻译成英语，要求至少使用3个定语从句（含1个非限制性定语从句）：

"我有一个朋友，他的梦想是环游世界。他去年去了日本，那里的风景非常美丽。他拍了很多照片，这些照片在社交媒体上很受欢迎。这就是为什么他决定明年再去一次欧洲旅行的原因。

定语从句常见考点深入拓展

五、"介词+关系代词"结构

这是高考中极易出错的考点。

基本结构： 介词 + whom（指人）/ which（指物）

选择介词的原则： 1. 根据从句中的动词短语搭配确定介词 2. 根据先行词的习惯搭配确定介词 3. 根据整个句子的语境确定介词

常见类型：

类型	说明	例句
动词+介词	看从句动词的固定搭配	The person to whom you spoke is my boss. (speak to)
名词+介词	看先行词的名词搭配	I have no idea about which he is talking. (idea about)
形容词+介词	看表语形容词的搭配	The age at which children start school varies. (at the age)
整体含义	根据意思选择介词	The speed at which light travels is 300,000 km/s. (at the speed)

特别注意： - 在非限制性定语从句中，"介词+关系代词"非常常见 - 一些固定搭配：in which case, by which time, for which reason

例句精讲： - This is the book from which I learned a lot. （learn from） - He built a telescope through which he could see the stars. （see through） - The stadium in which the concert was held is huge. （in the stadium） - She has three children, all of whom are doctors. （all of them）

六、that与which的区别——重点突破

只能用that不能用which的情况：

先行词为不定代词：all, much, little, few, anything, nothing, something, everything
All that glitters is not gold.
There is nothing that I can do for you.
先行词被序数词或最高级修饰
This is the first book that I read in English.
This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.
先行词被the very, the only, the same, the last修饰
This is the very pen that I lost yesterday.
He is the only person that can solve the problem.
先行词既有人又有物
I still remember the people and places that I visited in Japan.
先行词被all, every, any, no, little, much, few等修饰
There is no difficulty that can stop us.
主句以who/which开头的疑问句（避免重复）
Who is the man that is standing there?
Which is the book that you want?

只能用which不能用that的情况：

非限制性定语从句（逗号隔开）
My house, which I bought last year, is very big. ✓
My house, that I bought last year, is very big. ✗
"介词+关系代词"结构
This is the house in which I lived. ✓
This is the house in that I lived. ✗

七、as引导的定语从句

as 也可以引导定语从句，通常用于： - the same...as（与……相同） - such...as（诸如……之类的） - as...as...（和……一样的）

例句： - I have the same trouble as you have. - Such people as you describe are rare nowadays. - There are as many books as are needed.

as 与 which 在非限制性定语从句中的区别： - as 从句可以放在句首、句中或句尾；which 从句只能放在句尾 - as 有"正如"的含义；which 没有这种含义

例句： - As is known to all, the earth is round. ✓（句首） - Which is known to all, the earth is round. ✗ - The earth is round, which is known to all. ✓ - The earth is round, as is known to all. ✓（句尾）

八、关系词省略规则

可以省略的情况（限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语）： - The man (whom/who/that) I met is a teacher. - The book (which/that) I read is interesting.

不能省略的情况： 1. 关系代词作主语 - The man who lives next door is kind. （who不能省） 2. 关系副词 - I remember the day when we met. （when可以换成on which，但一般不省） 3. 非限制性定语从句 - My father, who is 55, still works hard. （who不能省） 4. "介词+关系代词"中的关系代词 - The person to whom you spoke... （whom不能省）

九、常见易错题集锦

✗ This is the school which I studied. ✓ This is the school where/in which I studied. 解析： 从句"studied"是不及物动词，不缺宾语，缺地点状语。
✗ I will never forget the days when I spent in Beijing. ✓ I will never forget the days which/that I spent in Beijing. 解析： "spent"是及物动词，缺宾语，不是缺时间状语。
✗ He is the only one of the students who have passed the exam. ✓ He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam. 解析： "the only one"强调单数概念，从句动词用单数。
✗ This is one of the books that was written in English. ✓ This is one of the books that were written in English. 解析： "one of + 复数名词"结构，从句修饰复数名词。
✗ He was late, that made the teacher angry. ✓ He was late, which made the teacher angry. 解析： 非限制性定语从句不能用that。

十、知识总览思维导图

定语从句结构辨析：

关系代词： - who/whom（人）→ 主语/宾语 - which（物）→ 主语/宾语 - that（人/物）→ 主语/宾语（限制性从句专用） - whose（人/物）→ 定语

关系副词： - when（时间）= in/on/at which - where（地点）= in/at which - why（原因）= for which

选择步骤： ① 分析从句句子结构 ② 缺主语/宾语/定语 → 关系代词 ③ 不缺主/宾/定 → 关系副词（或介词+关系代词）

记住：关系副词=介词+关系代词 这个关系式，是破解所有定语从句疑难的关键！